Publications

@article{Ray2021,
title = {An Assessment of Spatial Distribution of Water Demand in the Extended East Rapti (EER) Watershed, Nepal},
author = {Anupama Ray and Vishnu Prasad Pandey},
isbn = {2091-0851},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-22},
journal = {WASH Journal},
volume = {18},
pages = {43-53},
abstract = {Water is an essential element in nourishing the quality of life as it is connected to food, energy, and environmental security. Understanding water availability, water demand and water quality are prerequisite for achieving outcomes related to water-sanitation-hygiene (WASH) and then ensure water security. This study assessed various types of water demands in the Extended East Rapti (EER) watershed located in Central Nepal based on both secondary and primary data. The key water demands considered in the EER watershed are domestic, irrigation, industry, institutional, non-domestic, fire-fighting and losses. The total domestic- related water demand for the present (2019) is estimated to be 49.16 Million Cubic Meters (MCM). Considering the trend of population growth of 3.09% and 2.04% for Chitwan and Makwanpur, respectively, total annual domestic-related water demand in the year 2050 is projected to be 113.45 MCM. This implies that future domestic-related water demand is projected to increase by about 131% in 2050. The current annual irrigation demand for EER is estimated to be 2,760 MCM and planned irrigation demand is 4,162 MCM. Future irrigation water demand is projected to increase by 51%. The estimated average water consumption in the Hetauda Industrial State (HIS) and Chitwan is about 0.52 MCM and 1.3 MCM, respectively. The estimated water demand for planned Shaktikhor and Mayurdhap Industrial States would be 15.46 MCM and 0.32 MCM, respectively. These estimates of
present and future water demands may help in devising and implementing strategies for water demand and supply management, and therefore have implications in achieving water security and sustainable development goals (SDGs).},
keywords = {East Rapti watershed, Nepal, water demand, water security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}