Publications

@article{Ray2022,
title = {Climate change, differential impacts on women and gender maintreastreaming: a case study of East Rapti Watershed, Nepal},
author = {Anupama Ray and Vishnu Prasad Pandey and Robert Dongol},
url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/wh2ojournal/vol9/iss1/5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-01},
journal = {wH20: The Journal of Gender and Water},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
abstract = {Women and water share a great deal of nexus in several ways. However, women have still minimal control over the management of water resources, making them more vulnerable to climate change. This paper assesses how climate change impacts differently across different women groups using an intersectionality lens, thereby exploring the situation of gender mainstreaming in water sector in three communities, namely, Karaiya, Basauli, and Dadagaun in Khairahani Municipality located in the East Rapti watershed, Nepal. In this perception-based study, we conducted three key informant interviews and household interviews with 45 women of different castes, ages, communities, education levels, and occupations. The results showed that different groups of women perceive climate change and its impact differently. For instance, women engaged in agriculture are more aware of the impact of climate change and are affected more by it because of changing trends in rainfall and temperature resulting in water shortage and flooding. On the other hand, they experience more physical and mental stress because of a higher responsibility of both agriculture and household . Despite 80% of female involvement in water user committees, there is a gap in participation by all groups of women. Irrespective of literacy and work engagement, women of Karaiya and Basauli, were less aware and active than Dadagau in various water development and management activities because of time constraints, family background, lesser interest, and awareness. Therefore, more efforts are required to achieve significant progress in gender mainstreaming considering intersectionality in the water sector and climate change. },
keywords = {East Rapti watershed, Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), gender mainstreaming, Khairahani municipality, women intersectionality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Ray2021,
title = {An Assessment of Spatial Distribution of Water Demand in the Extended East Rapti (EER) Watershed, Nepal},
author = {Anupama Ray and Vishnu Prasad Pandey},
isbn = {2091-0851},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-22},
journal = {WASH Journal},
volume = {18},
pages = {43-53},
abstract = {Water is an essential element in nourishing the quality of life as it is connected to food, energy, and environmental security. Understanding water availability, water demand and water quality are prerequisite for achieving outcomes related to water-sanitation-hygiene (WASH) and then ensure water security. This study assessed various types of water demands in the Extended East Rapti (EER) watershed located in Central Nepal based on both secondary and primary data. The key water demands considered in the EER watershed are domestic, irrigation, industry, institutional, non-domestic, fire-fighting and losses. The total domestic- related water demand for the present (2019) is estimated to be 49.16 Million Cubic Meters (MCM). Considering the trend of population growth of 3.09% and 2.04% for Chitwan and Makwanpur, respectively, total annual domestic-related water demand in the year 2050 is projected to be 113.45 MCM. This implies that future domestic-related water demand is projected to increase by about 131% in 2050. The current annual irrigation demand for EER is estimated to be 2,760 MCM and planned irrigation demand is 4,162 MCM. Future irrigation water demand is projected to increase by 51%. The estimated average water consumption in the Hetauda Industrial State (HIS) and Chitwan is about 0.52 MCM and 1.3 MCM, respectively. The estimated water demand for planned Shaktikhor and Mayurdhap Industrial States would be 15.46 MCM and 0.32 MCM, respectively. These estimates of
present and future water demands may help in devising and implementing strategies for water demand and supply management, and therefore have implications in achieving water security and sustainable development goals (SDGs).},
keywords = {East Rapti watershed, Nepal, water demand, water security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}